Components of Effective Reading Instruction

Components of Effective Reading Instruction: Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic awareness is only one part of the broader skill phonological awareness. The following chart shows the continuum of phonological awareness skills.

Continuum of Phonological Awareness Skills in Increasing Degrees of Difficulty

Type	Subtype	Example
Rhyme	Recognition	Does cat rhyme with hat? (yes)
Rhyme	Production	What rhymes with cat? (hat)
Alliteration	Recognizing words with the same initial sounds	Daisy Duck dances. Sweet Suzie sits on a soft sofa.
Words in sentences	Sentence segmentation	How many words are in this sentence? Mary bakes bread. (3)
Syllables	Blending	Listen to the two word parts: side…walk. Say the whole word: (sidewalk) Listen : yes…ter…day Say the whole word: (yesterday)
	Segmenting	Say the two words in sidewalk: (side….walk) Listen: yesterday Say each part: yes..ter..day
	Deletion	Say sidewalk without side: (walk)
Onsets and Rimes	Blending	What word is this? /c/…./ake/ (cake) /st/…/and/ (stand) /fl/ /ip/ (flip)
Phoneme	Matching Initial Sound Isolating Initial Sound Final sounds Medial sounds	Which words begin with the same sound? cake, cat, dog (cake, cat) What is the first sound in cake? (/c/) What is the last sound in hat? (/t/) What is the middle sound in mop? (/o/)
Phoneme	Blending	What word am I saying? /c/ /a/ /t/ (cat)
Phoneme	Segmenting	How many sounds do you hear in cat? (3) What are the sounds in cat? (/c/ /a/ /t/)
Phoneme	Manipulation:
	Initial and final phoneme deletion	Say Sam without the /s/. (am) Say seat without the /t/. (sea)
	Initial phoneme in blend deletion	Say flip without the /f/. (lip)
	Phoneme substitution	Say cat. Now say /p/ instead of /c/. What is the new word? (pat) Say tan. Now say /p/ instead of /n/. (nap) Say tap. Now say /o/ instead of /a/. (top)
	Second phoneme in blend deletion	Say black without the /l/? (back)

From Handout 4 from the Just Read, Florida! K-3 Reading Academy